To recreate the studs, 3” x 4” pieces of heart pine were cut out of reclaimed lumber and triangular lap tenons were cut into the top of each stud.  In ca. 1797 the studs would have also been cut using a pit saw (video) and so the restoration carpenters replicated the pit saw marks with reciprocating saws.  The ca. 1797 mortises also demonstrated that the studs were secured to the joist using a single nail.  To recreate this detail, the Restoration Carpenters drove a single reproduction wrought-iron nail through the lap tenon.